Phosphorus‐containing soybean‐oil copolymers: Cross‐metathesis of fatty acid derivatives as an alternative to phosphorus‐containing reactive flame retardants

Two different approaches to the creation of phosphorus‐containing soybean‐oil copolymers were investigated. First, two phosphorus‐containing styrene (ST) derivatives, diphenyl styryl phosphine oxide and dimethyl‐p‐vinylbenzylphosphonate (STP2), where tested as comonomers in the cationic copolymerization of soybean oil (SOY), ST, and divinylbenzene (DVB), to obtain heterogeneous systems in all cases. To overcome this drawback, the cross‐metathesis reaction of methyl 10‐undecenoate and STP2 was carried out to link the phosphorus moiety to the vegetable‐oil derivative. This second approach permitted the synthesis of a new reactive phosphorus‐containing plant‐oil derivative, which was incorporated into the soybean oil, ST, and DVB system. The cationic copolymerization was investigated, and the structure, thermal stability, and mechanical and flame‐retardant properties of the resulting copolymers were studied. Thermosets with moderate glass‐transition temperatures were obtained; this showed that the cross‐metathesis reaction is a convenient way to produce oil‐compatible monomers able to undergo homogeneous polymerization reactions. The resulting thermosets with 1% phosphorus had limiting oxygen index values about 24.0; this indicated an improvement in the fire‐retardant properties of the soybean‐oil‐based copolymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Blocked isocyanates and isocyanated soybean oil as new chain extenders for unsaturated polyesters

Two different blocked isocyanates, diphenylmethane–bis‐4,4′‐ethyleneurea and diphenylmethane–bis‐4,4′‐carbamoil–ϵ‐caprolactam, and isocyanated soybean oil were used as chain extenders for low‐molecular‐weight unsaturated polyesters. Oligomeric polyesters (molecular weight = 600–700), taken from a manufacturing process in the sixth hour of a 16‐h polyesterification reaction, were reacted with these chain extenders, and the desired chain lengths (molecular weight = 1000–1500) were obtained in a very short time through the reaction of the chain extenders with the polyester end groups. The increase in the molecular weight was monitored with gel permeation chromatography. The obtained polymers were characterized with Fourier transform infrared and ¹H‐NMR and with styrene solubility and gel time measurements. After dilution with styrene, the polyesters were cured with a radical initiator. The thermal and mechanical properties of the cured polyesters were examined with dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis tests and then compared to those of a commercially available reference unsaturated polyester. The results show that unsaturated polyesters can be chain‐extended with these compounds to shorten the polyesterification time substantially without alterations of the styrene solubility or gel time of the polyesters. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Preparation of microwave‐assisted polymer‐grafted softwood kraft pulp fibers. Enhanced water absorbency

A wood pulp cellulose‐based hydrogel material was prepared with poly(methyl vinyl ether‐co‐maleic acid) (PMVEMA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and softwood ECF kraft pulp via microwave and thermal esterification and compared via hydrogel absorption and retention of water and 0.10M NaCl. The microwave initiated reaction time was optimized to 105 s at 1600 W based on maximum water absorption of 96 g/g of the 49% PMVEMA pulp hydrogels. The influence of reaction variables such as pulp fiber size and the weight ratios of PMVEMA to pulp were investigated. The maximum water absorbency of the milled pulp fibers microwave initiated products was 151 g/g, whereas the maximum water absorbency of the milled pulp fibers thermally initiated hydrogels was 198 g/g. In addition, the microwave initiated hydrogels retained a maximum of 67% of absorbed water after centrifugation at 770 rpm for 10 min, whereas the thermally initiated hydrogels retained a maximum of 49% of water absorbed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to confirm the esterification of the PMVEMA with the pulp cellulose. Microwave initiated crosslinking successfully produced a pulp hydrogel with a shorter reaction time and comparable or improved water absorption and retention properties when compared with the traditional thermally crosslinked pulp hydrogel system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

地源热泵在油田的应用及发展前景

地源热泵(GSHP)是利用土壤、地下水或地表水中的能量进行供热制冷的新型能源利用技术,它能够提供较高的性能系数(COP).在油田生产中利用地源热泵系统,既能充分利用可再生能源,又能很好地减少CO<,2>排放量,从而改善油区工作和生活环境,提高经济效益.     

Adaptive local kernel-based learning for soft sensor modeling of nonlinear processes

Soft sensor techniques have been widely used to estimate product quality or other key indices which cannot be measured online by hardware sensors. Unfortunately, their estimation performance would deteriorate under certain circumstances, e.g., the change of the process characteristics, especially for global learning approaches. Meanwhile, local learning methods always only utilize input information to select relevant instances, which may lead to a waste of output information and inaccurate sample selection. To overcome these disadvantages, a new local modeling algorithm, adaptive local kernel-based learning scheme (ALKL) is proposed. First, a new similarity measurement using both input and output information is proposed and utilized in a supervised locality preserving projection technique to select relevant samples. Second, an adaptive weighted least squares support vector regression (AW-LSSVR) is employed to establish a local model and predict output indices for each query data. In AW-LSSVR, instead of using traditional cross-validation methods, the trade-off parameters are adjusted iteratively and the local model is updated recursively, which reduces the computational complexity a lot. The proposed ALKL is applied to an online crude oil endpoint prediction in an industrial fluidized catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) process. The experimental results demonstrate the high precision of our ALKL approach.     

Fabrication and characterization of a Ni-YSZ anode support using high-frequency induction heated sintering (HFIHS)

Ni-YSZ cermet anode supports solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) were fabricated by high-frequency induction heated sintering (HFIHS) under 60 MPa pressure with powders synthesized by the glycine nitrate process (GNP) as well as mechanically mixed commercial powders. The HFIHS method created a uniformly porous microstructure without abnormal grain growth compared to the conventional sintering method. Samples sintered by HFIHS show higher strength and electrical conductivity than conventionally sintered samples, even though they have similar porosity.     

无机/有机复合载体负载TiCl_3/(n-BuCp)_2ZrCl_2的

采用溶胶-凝胶法将苯乙烯丙烯酸共聚物(PSA)包裹在负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂表面,随后用表面改性剂n-BuSnCl3处理有机载体表面的官能团,最后在PSA上负载(n-BuCp)2ZrCl2制得复合催化剂,研究了复合催化剂的气相聚合行为。实验首先通过BET、粒径分析、红外分析等手段考察了采用n-BuSnCl3改性前后载体的结构特征。乙烯气相聚合结果表明,改性后催化剂具有较高的活性,达2.56×107g PE.(mol Zr)-1.h-1.MPa-1。实验研究了不同聚合时间下聚乙烯产物的性质及外层PSA载体在聚合过程中的破碎行为,并与乙烯淤浆聚合结果进行对比。结果表明,溶剂对催化剂外层PSA载体的溶胀作用,对催化剂活性点均匀发挥起着至关重要的作用。     

具有梯度孔结构多孔陶瓷膜支撑体的制备

采用平均粒径为0.56μm的Al2O3为原料,研究了不同固相含量的Al2O3悬浮液的流变性能.在此基础上,采用含10%(质量分数,下同)Al2O3的悬浮液,通过重力沉降和真空抽吸过程,成功制备出具有梯度孔结构的片状Al2O3支撑体.对具有梯度孔结构支撑体的微观结构进行了表征,并研究了支撑体的孔隙率和渗透性能随烧成温度的...     

惰性载体Al_2O_3对Fe_2O_3及CuO氧载体煤化学链燃烧的影响

氧载体是煤化学链燃烧技术的基础,惰性载体则是其中的必要组成部分,起着重要的作用。以Al2O3作为典型惰性载体,采用热重分析仪、红外频谱仪、场发射扫描电镜和能谱分析仪以及X衍射仪,对六盘水贫煤与Fe2O3、CuO基氧载体的反应进行了详细的研究。研究发现,Al2O3的引入,使得Fe2O3、CuO基氧载体表面积增大、孔径分布更为优化,而且对氧载体与六盘水贫煤一次热解产物的反应是有利的,能够促进氧载体中更多晶格氧的传递,Fe2O3基氧载体中有更多的Fe2O3还原为低于Fe3O4价态的氧化物,而CuO基氧载体中CuO除了还原为Cu、Cu2O外,其中的CuAl2O4也有一定的反应活性,被还原为CuAlO2。与LPS煤反应时,Fe2O3深度还原产物与部分Al2O3及煤中的SiO2反应生成Fe3Al2（SiO4）3,而CuO则与Al2O3及六盘水贫煤反应生成了（Cu0.215Mg1.785）（Al4Si5O18）复合物。     

有功调频-无功调压的间接电流型并网逆变器控制方案

分析了并网逆变器的数学模型,得出逆变器输出电压的频率和幅值与电网吸收的有功和无功的关系,并基于此关系,提出了一种间接电流控制型并网逆变器控制方案,即在锁相环完成锁相的基础上,通过有功功率闭环调节逆变器输出电压的频率,通过无功功率闭环调节逆变器输出电压的幅值.为保证逆变器相位调节的精度,提出了一种逆变器频率调节算法.仿真...